Autonomous fall monitor having sensor compensation

ABSTRACT

A communicator for autonomous monitoring, detecting, and tracking of movement and orientation of a portion of a body of a wearer is disclosed. The communicator includes a sensor configured to detect a translational and/or rotational movement of the portion of the body of the wearer; an altimeter to measure changes in altitude of the portion of the body of the wearer; and a processor configured to determine an orientation and/or position of the portion of the body of the wearer. The processor further configured to compensate for the measured changes in altitude. The sensor is implemented at least by one of the following: accelerometer(s), gyroscope(s), and/or magnetometer(s).

CROSS REFERENCE TO PRIOR APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit from U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/430,043 filed on Dec. 5, 2016, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes as if fully set forth herein.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with government support under Grant R44AG034734 awarded by the National Institute of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

1. Field of the Disclosure

The disclosure relates to an apparatus, a method, and a system for monitoring, detecting, and tracking body orientation and/or motion, including a fall or near fall event condition that includes sensor compensation.

2. Related Art

Body orientation/motion monitoring and particularly fall monitoring is very useful to a wide range of subjects, from elderly persons to emergency workers to race horses to anthropomorphic robots. While the ability to detect a hard impact fall is important in all cases, additional information about “soft” falls, such as, for example, when a person is overcome by smoke and slowly sinks to the ground, or near-falls, as in when a race horse stumbles, are also important events to detect. Prior fall detection and monitoring technology has taken many forms. For example, some previous inventions have employed accelerometers in a waist-worn device to detect human falls. Wrist-worn devices are often recognized as the more desirable from an ergonomic perspective. Although wrist-worn devices with accelerometers are relatively successful at detecting some “hard” falls, which are defined as sudden and rapid descents that are usually associated with a high-g impact, these devices have numerous drawbacks, including, for example, difficulty detecting backward and lateral falls and an inability to sense the difference between a person lying down and a person who has fallen. Thus, these prior systems cannot be used when a person is at rest or when a person experiences a “soft” fall without an impact (e.g., a firefighter that is slowly overcome by smoke and slowly sinks to the ground). Furthermore, these systems may completely miss near-fall events, such as, for example, when an elderly person trips and grabs onto a railing in order to avoid a fall or a stumble or gait change event that might precede a hard fall. In fact, prior work, such as, e.g., the commercially available system described at <<http:/lwww.dynamic-living.com/pers-info.htm#fall>> can include disclaimers like “The Fall Detector cannot differentiate between a fall and simply lying down to rest. You will need to remove it before you lie down and then put it back on when you get up.”

An example of a device presently available commercially that can monitor body orientation and movement patterns in free-living subjects is the Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity (IDEEA) (Minisun, Fresno, Calif.), as described in Zhang K, Werner P, Sun M, Pi-Sunyer F X, Boozer C N, “Measurement of human daily physical activity,” Obes Res, Jan. 11, 2003(1):33-40. This accelerometer-based device is costly and requires the use of five sensors that are taped directly to the skin (e.g., chest, both thighs, and bottom of both feet) and associated cable tethers to attach the sensors to a waist-worn data-recording unit. The manufacturer claims that the IDEEA can identify various body postures and types of physical activity, including lying, sitting, walking, climbing stairs, running, and jumping.

Another example is the BodyTrac system (IMSystems, Baltimore, Md.), which includes a body posture and movement pattern recorder nominally worn as a chest band. The BodyTrack system employs a 5.8 cm×3.4 cm×1.7 cm module containing a sealed sphere with a bolus of mercury that, depending on body posture, short different sets of contacts. The BodyTrac system claims to provide the following body posture information: upright, walking, lying supine, lying right, lying left, and lying prone. A major limitation of the BodyTrac system appears to be an inability to discriminate between sitting down and standing up; to accomplish this, the BodyTrac system employs a second monitor that must be worn on a thigh, as described by Gorny S W, Allen R P, Krausman D T, Cammarata J., “Initial demonstration of the accuracy and utility of an ambulatory, three-dimensional body position monitor with normal, sleepwalkers and restless legs patients,” Sleep Med, March 2001; 2(2):135-143.

Other currently available devices used to monitor falls, such as, e.g., described in Pervasive Computing, “A Smart Sensor to Detect the Falls of the Elderly,” Sixsmith, Andrew; Johnson, Neil Vol. 3, No 2 pp 42-47, include sophisticated visual monitoring systems and “smart homes” that feature sensors embedded in floors or infrared beams positioned near the floor. Although some of these systems may provide autonomous notification aspects, none allow for the detection of near falls, and none would allow for the detection of falls outside of the subject's home. Therefore, these devices would not prove useful for emergency workers, individuals with seizures, elderly individuals living in a senior living community, race horses, or the like.

Thus, a long felt, unfulfilled need exists for an apparatus, system, and method that may relatively innocuously monitor and detect a fall event by a user, such as, for example, but not limited to, an emergency worker, an individual with a medical condition, a race horse, or the like.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

According to one aspect of the disclosure, a communicator for autonomous monitoring, detecting, and tracking of movement and orientation of a portion of a body of a wearer, includes a sensor configured to detect a translational and/or rotational movement of the portion of the body of the wearer; an altimeter including at least one high sensitivity sensor having a sensing port configured to measure changes in altitude of the portion of the body of the wearer; a processor configured to determine an orientation and/or position of the portion of the body of the wearer based on the translational and/or rotational movement of the portion of the body of the wearer detected by the sensor; the processor further configured to compensate for the measured changes in altitude of the portion of the body of the wearer based on the orientation and/or the position of the portion of the body of the wearer detected by the sensor; and the processor further configured to determine an alert condition based on the changes in altitude of the portion of the body of the wearer compensated by the orientation and/or the position of the portion of the body of the wearer detected by the sensor, wherein the sensor includes at least one of the following: accelerometer(s), gyroscope(s), and/or magnetometer(s).

In further aspects, the altimeter may be further configured to measure changes in altitude of the portion of the body of the wearer compensated by remote ambient pressure sensor readings.

According to another aspect of the disclosure, a method for autonomously monitoring, detecting, and tracking movements of a body, includes detecting with a sensor a translational and/or rotational movement of the portion of the body of the wearer; measuring with an altimeter that includes at least one high sensitivity sensor having a sensing port changes in altitude of the portion of the body of the wearer; determining with a processor an orientation and/or position of the portion of the body of the wearer based on the translational and/or rotational movement of the portion of the body of the wearer detected by the sensor; compensating with the processor the measured changes in altitude of the portion of the body of the wearer based on the orientation and/or the position of the portion of the body of the wearer detected by the sensor; and determining with the processor an alert condition based on the changes in altitude of the portion of the body of the wearer compensated by the orientation and/or the position of the portion of the body of the wearer detected by the sensor, wherein the sensor includes at least one of the following: accelerometer(s), gyroscope(s), and/or magnetometer(s).

In further aspects, the altimeter may be further configured to measure changes in altitude of the portion of the body of the wearer compensated by remote ambient pressure sensor readings.

According to some additional aspects of the disclosure, a method for autonomously monitoring, detecting, and tracking movements of a body is disclosed. The method including: monitoring a translational and a rotational movement of the body or portion of it; averaging out sensed data recorded by opposed sensor ports; measuring a change in altitude of the body or a portion of the body using the averaged out sensed data recorded by opposed sensor ports; and determining an alert event based on the translational and rotational movement of the body and the change in altitude of the body or portion of it.

In yet additional aspects of the disclosure, a communicator for autonomous monitoring, detecting, and tracking of movement and orientation of a body or portion of a body is disclosed. The communicator including: a device configured to monitor the translational and/or rotational movement of the body; and an altimeter including at least one pair of high sensitivity sensors having opposed sensing ports configured to measure changes in altitude of the body, wherein an alert condition is determined based on the translational and/or rotational movement of the body and changes in altitude of the body or portion of the body.

There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, certain aspects of the disclosure in order that the detailed description thereof may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional aspects of the disclosure that will be described below and which will form the subject matter of the claims appended hereto. As such, additional features, advantages, and aspects of the disclosure may be set forth or apparent from consideration of the following detailed description and drawings. Moreover, it is noted that both the foregoing summary of the disclosure and the following detailed description are exemplary and intended to provide further explanation without limiting the scope of the disclosure as claimed.

In this respect, before explaining at least one aspect of the disclosure in detail, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The disclosure is capable of aspects in addition to those described and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein, as well as the abstract, are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.

As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception upon which this disclosure is based may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods, and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the disclosure. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the disclosure, are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate aspects of the disclosure, and together with the detailed description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosure. No attempt is made to show structural details of the disclosure in more detail than may be necessary for a fundamental understanding of the disclosure and the various ways in which it may be practiced.

FIG. 1 shows an example of a fall monitoring (FM) system, according to aspects of the disclosure;

FIG. 2 shows an example of a fall monitoring process, according to aspects of the disclosure;

FIG. 3 shows an example of a fall monitoring (FM) communicator, according to aspects of the disclosure;

FIG. 4 shows an example of a fall monitoring communicator (FMC) module, according to aspects of the disclosure;

FIG. 5A illustrates a chart showing examples of output pressure values for certain elevation values;

FIG. 5B shows an example of an ultra-sensitive pressure sensor that may be used in the FM communicator of FIG. 3, according to aspects of the disclosure;

FIG. 6 shows an example of a transceiver that may be used in the FM monitoring system of FIG. 1, according to aspects of the disclosure;

FIG. 7A shows a chart of change in position of wrist and pelvis in response to a forward translational perturbation of the lower limbs initiated at time zero that results in a fall;

FIG. 7B shows a chart of change in vertical velocity of wrist and pelvis in response to a forward translational perturbation of the lower limbs initiated at time zero that results in a fall;

FIG. 8 shows charts D, E, F, G, showing forearm (wrist) horizontal and vertical trajectories during walking (dashed line) and unexpected slipping (solid line);

FIG. 9 shows exemplary method steps for a fall monitoring system, according to some aspects of the disclosure;

FIG. 10A shows exemplary analog pressure sensors configured to have sensing ports opposed to each other, according to some aspects of the disclosure;

FIG. 10B shows exemplary digital pressure sensors configured to have sensing ports opposed to each other, according to some aspects of the disclosure;

FIG. 11 illustrates a process for improving pressure measurements according to aspects of the disclosure;

FIGS. 12A, 12B, and 12C illustrate arm orientations that are detected by the fall monitoring system according to aspects of the disclosure; and

FIG. 13 illustrates a process for improving pressure measurements according to aspects of the disclosure.

The present disclosure is further described in the detailed description that follows.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The aspects of the disclosure and the various features and advantageous details thereof are explained more fully with reference to the non-limiting aspects and examples that are described and/or illustrated in the accompanying drawings and detailed in the following description. It should be noted that the features illustrated in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale, and features of one aspect may be employed with other aspects as one skilled in the art would recognize, even if not explicitly stated herein. Descriptions of well-known components and processing techniques may be omitted so as to not unnecessarily obscure the aspects of the disclosure. The examples used herein are intended merely to facilitate an understanding of ways in which the disclosure may be practiced and to further enable those of skill in the art to practice the aspects of the disclosure. Accordingly, the examples and aspects herein should not be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosure, which is defined solely by the appended claims and applicable law. Moreover, it is noted that like reference numerals represent similar parts throughout the several views of the drawings.

FIG. 1 shows an example of a fall monitoring (FM) system, according to aspects of the disclosure. Referring now to FIG. 1, an example of a fall monitoring (FM) system 100 according to aspects of the disclosure is depicted. The FM system 100 includes a fall monitoring (FM) communicator 115 and one or more transceivers 120. The FM system 100 may further include an access point 130, a network 140, a response unit (RU) 150, a database(s) 160, and/or one or more additional FM communicators 115 (not shown).

The FM communicator 115 may include, for example, but is not limited to, a portable computer such as, e.g., an electronic device configured to accept data, perform prescribed mathematical and logical operations at high speed, and output the results of these operations. The FM communicator 115 may be configured to communicate on a communication channel as defined herein with the one or more transceivers 120, the access point 130, and/or another FM communicator 115 (shown in cross-hatched lines). For example, the FM communicator 115 may include the pressure sensor described in “Sensitive low-cost altimeter for schools,” by Lewowski T., Physics Ed, September 2005; 40(5):416.

The FM communicator 115 may be configured to be attached to a portion of, for example, but not limited to, a body (e.g., a wrist, a leg, or the like) of the user 110. The FM communicator 115 may detect and determine an orientation (or position) and/or movement patterns of the user 110. The FM communicator 115 may provide discrimination of position, particularly as it relates to, for example, altitude measurements, like standing, lying or sitting orientations of the user 110, as well as any changes to those positions, such as, for example, falling, jumping, or the like. More specifically, the altitude measurements may be relative changes in altitude of the user 110. For example, the FM communicator 115 may determine an altitude of the user 110 when standing; and the FM communicator 115 may determine an altitude of the user 110 when lying on a bed. In this regard, the FM communicator 115 may be configured to sense pressure changes relatively rapidly to eliminate potential confounding caused by changes in, for example, barometer pressure (e.g., due to weather, geographic location, or the like). For example, if mounted on an ankle, the FM communicator 115 may discriminate a walking condition from a standing condition of the user 110, as well as a standing condition from a lying in a bed condition. The FM communicator 115 may provide further information concerning various other body orientations (e.g., lying prone, supine, on one's side, or the like) and movement patterns.

It is noted that the FM communicator 115, including accelerometer(s) and pressure sensor(s), may reside in a single module or multiple modules (shown in FIG. 1). According to one aspect, the FM communicator 115 resides in a single module configuration. In a multiple module configuration, the accelerometer(s) and pressure sensor(s) may be provided as separate modules, each of which may be mounted to a different portion of the body of user 110. Additionally, multiple sensor packages may be mounted on the body of the user 110 for further information gathering, which can store data within the package and/or wirelessly transmit the data to the transceiver 120, the access point 130, the RU 150, and/or another FM communicator 115 on a communication channel as defined herein.

The FM communicator 115 may further comprise a body orientation monitor (not shown), which may track, for example, body posture and movement of the user 110. For example, the FM communicator 115 may include a torso-mounted, triaxial accelerometer-based module with built in electrodes for heart-rate monitoring in addition to a high-sensitivity pressure sensor. The FM communicator 115 may further comprise one or more gyroscopes. The tracked data may be processed and used to better understand daily activity patterns and body orientations for health care and/or research applications, as well for monitoring the well-being of the user 110.

The transceiver 120 may include a computer (e.g., an electronic device configured to accept data, perform prescribed mathematical and logical operations at high speed, and output the results of these operations), such as, for example, but not limited to, a personal computer, a laptop computer, a palmtop computer, a notebook computer, a desktop computer, a workstation, a server, a multimedia player, a Smartphone, a microelectromechanical (MEMS) system, or any combination of the foregoing, or the like. The transceivers 120 may be configured to synchronously (or asynchronously) receive fall status data, including sensor data, from the FM communicator 115. The transceiver 120 may be further configured to record, log, and track the fall status data, and may provide notification of fall events to the RU 150. The transceiver 120 may be further configured to communicate with the FM communicator 115 over a communication channel as defined herein. The RU 150 may include, for example, but is not limited to, emergency personnel, family members, caregivers, friends, or any other entity that may desire to monitor, track, or detect a fall status condition of the user 110. In this regard, the transceiver 120 may transmit fall event data to the RU 150, which may be relied upon for, for example, fall and near-fall detection. In this regard the data may be conveyed directly (e.g., over the network 140) from the transceiver 120 to the RU 150, or through the access point 130.

The transceiver 120, which may be either portable or stationary, may include a telephone console (not shown). The telephone console, which may include a built-in speakerphone, may be configured to deliver a pre-recorded message to a prioritized list of caregivers or other individuals, to ensure that the fall event notification is received by a human being, rather an answering machine. The telephone console may be further configured to generate and send an SMS message to a prioritized list of caregivers, to ensure that the fall event notification is received. The telephone console may be further configured to receive a wearer-initiated personal emergency alert call and/or alert call cancel request from the FM communicator 115. The telephone console may comprise a mobile telephone device, such as, e.g., but not limited to, a cellular telephone, a wired telephone, a two-way communication device, a software defined radio (SDR), or the like.

The RU 150 may also include a computer (e.g., an electronic device configured to accept data, perform prescribed mathematical and logical operations at high speed, and output the results of these operations), such as, for example, but not limited to, a personal computer, a laptop computer, a palmtop computer, a notebook computer, a desktop computer, a workstation, a server, smartphone or any combination of the foregoing, or the like. The RU 150 may further include a telephone console, a telephone, a mobile telephone, a cellular telephone, an SDR, or the like, which may be capable of bidirectional communication with, e.g., the transceiver 120 and/or FM communicator 115. The RU 150 may be configured to receive fall event data from the transceivers 120 that can be associated with one or more users 110. The fall event data may include, for example, date data, time data, current location data (e.g., real-time global navigation satellite system (GNSS) such as global positioning system (GPS) data, or the like), inertial data, physiologic data, altitude data, and/or the like. The fall event data may be received and reproduced as an audio/visual signal by the RU 150, such as, e.g., a voice message, a video message, or the like. The RU 150 may store the fall event data in the database 160 for each user 110. Further, the RU 150 may be configured to query the database 160, which may be internal, or external to the RU 150, for user data associated with a particular user 110. The user data may include, for example, but is not limited to, a name, an address, a telephone number, an email address, a current location, age, gender, current health conditions, allergies, family member or caregiver name(s), in-case of emergency contact information, or the like. The RU 150 may be configured to, for example, dispatch emergency personnel to the user's 110 location based on the user data retrieved from the database 160.

The server may include, for example, any combination of software and/or hardware, including at least one application and/or at least one computer to perform services for connected clients as part of a client-server architecture. The at least one server application may include, but is not limited to, for example, an application program that can accept connections to service requests from clients by sending back responses to the clients. The server may be configured to run the at least one application, often under heavy workloads, unattended, for extended periods of time with minimal human direction. The server may include a plurality of computers configured, with the at least one application being divided among the computers depending upon the workload. For example, under light loading, the at least one application can run on a single computer. However, under heavy loading, multiple computers may be required to run the at least one application. The server, or any if its computers, may also be used as a workstation.

The database 160 may include, for example, any combination of software and/or hardware, including at least one application and/or at least one computer. The database 160 may include a structured collection of records or data organized according to a database model, such as, e.g., but not limited to at least one of a relational model, a hierarchical model, a network model or the like. The database 160 may include a database management system application (DBMS) as is known in the art. The at least one application may include, but is not limited to, for example, an application program that can accept connections to service requests from clients by sending back responses to the clients. The database 160 may be configured to run the at least one application, often under heavy workloads, unattended, for extended periods of time with minimal human direction.

The network 140 may include, but is not limited to, for example, at least one of the Internet, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a personal area network (PAN), a campus area network, a corporate area network, a global area network (GAN), a broadband area network (BAN), a cellular network, a communication channel as defined herein, or the like, or any combination thereof, any of which may be configured to communicate data via a wireless and/or a wired communication medium.

Any one or more of the elements in the FM system 100, including, e.g., the FM communicator 115, transceiver 120, access point 130, network 140, RU 150 or database 160 may be configured to communicate over a communication media that may include, for example, wired and/or wireless communications links, such as, for example, any one or more of: a satellite communication link, a cellular communication link, a radio frequency (RF) communication link, an infrared (IR) communication link, an optical communication link, a communication channel as defined herein, or the like, without limitation. The RF communication link may include, for example, WiFi, WiMAX, Bluetooth, or the like.

The FM communicator 115 may be configured to generate and process fall status data, which may then be conveyed (or communicated) to one or more of the transceivers 120. Each transceiver 120 may then relay (or communicate) fall event data to, for example, the RU 150, which may be addressed based on a contact list stored in the transceiver 120. The FM communicator 115 may include various combinations of inertial sensors, such as, for example, but not limited to, tri-axial accelerometers, gyroscopes, high-sensitivity pressure sensors (or ultra sensitive pressure sensors), and the like, to reliably detect both “hard” and “soft” falls, near falls and stumbles or gait changes, even when the sensors may be located on an extremity of a rigid body or a user 110 being monitored.

Referring now to FIG. 2, an example of a fall monitoring process according to aspects of the disclosure is depicted. Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the process may begin, for example, when the FM communicator 115 is affixed to the user 110, or when the FM communicator 115 is actuated (such as, e.g., via an ON/OFF switch, or by providing power to the FM communicator 115). Once powered on, the FM communicator 115 may monitor the orientation and movement of the user 110 (Step 210). It is noted that if two or more FM communicators 115 are used for monitoring, data (including fall condition data) from the FM communicators 115 may be synchronized prior to the start of monitoring and data collection, by using, for example, a USB-based multi-device docking station (not shown), which may be located in the transceiver 120, or may be periodically synchronized using wireless communications.

Based on the monitoring, the FM communicator 115 may generate orientation data, translation movement data, rotational movement data, altitude data, altitude change data, time data, date data, location data, biometrics data, and the like, and store the data as fall condition data in an internal storage (Step 212). The fall condition data may be analyzed and detected for a fall event (Step 215) or other body orientation condition. For fall event detection, algorithms may be used, which are based on a combination of: (a) unilateral (orbilateral) acceleration profiles measured, e.g., at the wrists; (b) impact accelerations measured, e.g., at the wrist(s); (c) changes in altitude (barometric pressure) that fit a predetermined profile; (d) a period of inactivity following a fall event; and/or (e) relative change in wrist(s) orientations following an ostensible fall event. Near-fall event detection algorithms may be also used, which are based on bilateral (or, if acceptable, unilateral) perturbation recovery reactions measured, e.g., at the wrist(s) and/or multifactorial combination of the wrist inertial, altimetry, and temporal feature characteristics.

Appropriate criteria and corresponding threshold values may be identified to enable accurate and reliable discrimination of both fall and near-fall events from other activities of daily living (ADL). The algorithm that may be used to detect falls may nominally be based on unilateral inertial sensing (e.g., a triaxial accelerometer) and altimeter data measured, e.g., on either wrist. The algorithm that may be used to detect near-fall events may ostensibly be based on bilateral triaxial accelerometer data measured on both wrists. In implementing a practical fall or near-fall detection algorithm, both false positives and false negatives should be avoided. For example, there are many ADL (e.g., walking, climbing stairs, and the like) that have significant acceleration components, but which do not represent falls or near-fall events. Additionally, bumping of the body (e.g., arms and torso) into objects and other people is also a common part of everyday life. Furthermore, changes in wrist orientations occur regularly in speaking, sitting, lying down, getting up, and the like. To determine fall and near-fall events, the concurrent occurrence of multiple qualifying criteria may be monitored. Various (inertial or otherwise) “features” may be measured on the wrists that are likely to be useful in detecting and discriminating falls and near-falls from ADLs.

The following unilateral fall detection relationship (1) may be a useful starting point: |a|=(a _(x) ² +a _(y) ² +a _(z) ²)^(1/2)>0.46m/s ²,  (1) where a_(x), a_(y), and a_(z), represent translational accelerations of the FM communicator 115 in the world coordinate system (x, y, z). In this regard, the acceleration vector magnitude is independent of the orientation of the FM communicator 115, and, therefore, the user 110. An integrated acceleration vector magnitude with the Earth's static gravitational acceleration, g, removed may be represented by the following equation (2): v ₁=∫(a _(x) ² +a _(y) ² +a _(z) ²)^(1/2)dt←1.72m/s,  (2) where v₁ is a dynamic velocity and t is time. Although this approximation is independent of wrist orientation, it may be correct for vertical movements. The norm of the integrated acceleration calculated for each axis separately, with the Earth's static gravitational acceleration contribution removed, may be expressed by the following equation (3): v ₂=(∫a _(x) ² dt+∫a _(y) ² dt+∫a _(z) ² dt)^(1/2) −∫gdt←2.62m/s,  (3) where v₂ is the norm of the integrated acceleration calculated for each axis separately and ∫gdt is the Earth's static gravitational acceleration contribution. This approximation is not independent of, e.g., wrist orientation and, therefore, is a good approximation if, e.g., the wrist does not rotate during a fall.

An impact event, which may be defined based on the differential acceleration vector magnitude, d|a|/dt may then be detected within, for example, three seconds (3 s) of a detected high-speed event towards the ground. If an above-threshold impact event is detected, forty seconds (40 s) of the minute (1 min) following the impact may be characterized by inactivity, which may be defined as a ceiling on the integrated acceleration vector magnitude, ∫|a|dt. In this regard, the monitoring samples may be contiguous or non-contiguous. For hard or soft falls, periods of inactivity following a detected event may be determined as an actual fall and, if the inactivity persists (e.g., for greater than or equal to 1 min.), the user 110 may be determined to be potentially unconscious. The FM communicator 115 may detect a subsequent change in orientation of, e.g., the wrist(s) following a fall as additional inertial feature for use in detecting falls. For example, the subsequent change may include a difference between the mean accelerations presently measured on each axis and those measured two seconds prior to the impact event.

The near-fall event detection algorithm may nominally be based on the inertial bilateral perturbation recovery reaction measured, e.g., at the wrist(s) of the user 110 as a condition for identifying near falls. In this regard, changes in wrist orientations that might occur in speaking, sitting, lying down, getting up, shaking drinks, or the like, would not trigger a near-fall event detection.

The performance of the fall and near-fall event detection algorithms may be evaluated independently. Falls may be defined as events that occur in response to translational perturbations in the plane of the platform in which falls are allowed and which actually result in a fall (e.g., part of the user's 110 torso is in contact with a horizontal plane). Near-fall events may include all non-fall events.

Referring to the process shown in FIG. 2, if a fall event is detected (“YES” at Step 215), then the fall event is tracked (Step 220), otherwise the FM communicator 115 may continue to monitor the orientation and movement of the user 110 (“NO” at Step 215, Step 210). In tracking the fall event (Step 220), the FM communicator 115 may continuously (or discretely, such as, e.g., at predetermined intervals) sense the orientation and movements of the user 110.

On the basis of the tracked fall event (Step 220), the FM communicator 115 may determine a fall event type (Step 225). The fall event type may include, for example, a “soft” fall event, a “hard” fall event, any other type of fall event, a near-fall event, a level of susceptibility to a fall, or the like. The threshold values for “soft” or “hard” may be set, for example, at the original equipment manufacturer (OEM), or provided post-manufacturing. These threshold values may also be personalized for individual wearers. The threshold values may be based, for example, on a degree of motion over a predetermined period of time. For example, a “hard” fall event may be determined when, for example, the FM communicator 115 experiences a three-foot drop in a fraction of a second; and a “soft” fall event may be determined when, for example, the FM communicator 115 experiences a three-foot drop over a period of one or more seconds. It is noted that the foregoing threshold values are merely provided to illustrate examples of threshold values for “soft” and “hard” falls and are in no way limiting. Furthermore, the range of fall event values is in no way limited to “soft” and “hard” falls, but, instead, may have any number of threshold values for the fall event, including, for example, but not limited to, a “very soft” fall, a “medium” fall, a “very hard” fall, and the like.

The FM communicator 115 may generate fall status data based on the determined fall event type and send the fall status data to a transceiver 120 (Step 230). The transceiver 120 may receive the fall status data from the FM communicator 115 (Step 235). The transceiver 120 may retrieve a contact list from an internal storage and select an address from the list based on the fall status data (Step 240). The contact list may include, for example, a prioritized listing of names, telephone numbers, addresses, or the like. The contact list may be prioritized based on a particular fall event type, a particular time of day, a particular date, or the like, to maximize the probability of reaching a person who may be able to assist the user 110.

The transceiver 120 may further retrieve a message from the internal storage based on the fall status data received from the FM communicator 115 and/or the particular contact selected from the contact list (Step 245). In this regard, a plurality of messages may be stored in the internal storage, each of which may be associated with a particular contact and/or fall event type. Then, the retrieved message may be conveyed to the selected contact or selected contacts (Step 250). In one aspect, the retrieved message may be conveyed to some or all of the selected contacts simultaneously##. In this regard, the message may be conveyed as a visual message (e.g., a text message, an instant message, an SMS message, an email message, or the like), as an audio message (e.g., a telephone message, an audio file message, or the like), a combination of a visual message and an audio message, or the like.

After the message is conveyed to the contact (Step 250), the transceiver 120 may detect for a response message, such as, for example, a visual message, an audio message, or the like (Step 255). If a response message is not detected, e.g., within a predetermined amount of time (e.g., two seconds) (“NO” at Step 255), then the transceiver 120 may select another contact (or record) from the contact list and convey a message to the newly selected contact (Step 250). If, however, a response message is detected (“YES” at Step 255), then a communication session may be created between the transceiver 120 and the contact (e.g., the RU 150, shown in FIG. 1) (Step 260). For example, a speaker phone may be activated to open audio and/or visual communication between the user 110 and the contact.

According to a further aspect of the disclosure, a computer program may be provided on a computer readable medium (such as, e.g., a random access memory (RAM), a read only memory (ROM), a flash drive, a hard drive, a CD-ROM, a DVD-ROM, or the like), which, when executed on a computer, may cause the computer to carry each of the Steps 210 through 260 in FIG. 2. The computer readable medium may include a plurality of sections (or segments) of code, including a section (or segment) of code associated with each of the Steps 210 through 260.

FIG. 3 shows an example of an FM communicator 115, according to principles of the disclosure, which may be worn on the wrist or forearm of the user 110 (shown in FIG. 1). As seen, the FM communicator 115 may include a band (e.g., a wristband) 310 that may be securely affixed to a wrist or forearm of the user 110, as well as an FM communicator (FMC) module 320. The band 310 may include, for example, a hook and loop material (e.g., Velcro, or the like). The FMC device 320 may include one or more sensors (not shown) configured to monitor date, time, location, biological functions (or biometrics) (such as, e.g. heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, body perspiration, or the like), and a power supply (e.g., a battery, a rechargeable battery, or the like). The FMC device 320 may be completely covered in, e.g., polyethylene to isolate the electronics. A slot may be provided in the shrink wrap to enable battery replacement. The air access port for the pressure sensor(s) may be made water resistant using a labyrinthine channel in the FMC device 320 case. The FMC device 320 may further include one or more sensors configured to monitor the level of activity (or lack of activity) in monitoring, detecting and determining a fall status condition (such as, e.g., a fall, a near fall, a “hard” fall, a “soft” fall, or the like). The fall status information collected by the FMC device 320 may be stored in an internal storage and transmitted via, e.g., wireless communication to a transceiver 120 and/or RU 150 (shown in FIG. 1). The FMC device 320 may provide for an autonomous assistance notification system if a fall or near-fall event occurs while the FMC device 320 is being used to track health, safety or the state of a monitored user 110. Similarly, the near fall data can be analyzed to note trends to, e.g., take preventive steps to minimize or prevent the occurrence of a fall.

The FMC device 320 may be configured to detect changes in the altitude of the user 110, which may be used in conjunction with information detected by the inertial sensors to provide information on the translational and rotational movement of the body of the user 110, and may be used to develop a representation in three dimensions of the state of the body of the user 110 at any moment in time and, therefore, relay a notification to the transceiver(s) 120 when any change or lack of change in state occurs. For example, hard falls may be measured by monitoring forearm triaxial accelerometer profiles (e.g., free fall), high-g impacts, and/or a relatively rapid change in altitude (e.g., 3 feet occurring over a fraction of a second) based on a high-sensitivity pressure sensor (altimeter) incorporated within the FMC device 320. Further, soft falls, in which an individual might, for example, “crumple” to the floor, whether or not he/she holds onto anything (e.g., furniture, a railing, or the like), may be detected reliably based on a relatively rapid change in altitude, as discussed above, followed by an interval (e.g., 2 minutes) of immobility. In the latter instance, the user 110 may have lost consciousness. If the user 110 remains conscious, he/she can initiate or cancel a personal emergency alert via the actuator button 330. Requiring a period of immobility following a rapid change in altitude (pressure) may eliminate potential false alarms due, for example, to rapid descent of stairs, riding in an elevator, and raising and lowering one's arms (e.g., during exercise).

The FMC device 320 may be configured to be highly sensitive to translational and/or rotational motions and reactions, which are typically the most characteristic of falls and near fall events. For example, the FMC device 320 may be tuned to the particular aspects of such events as, for example, but not limited to, a recovery arm motion that occurs when the user 110 falls. In this regard, the FMC device 320 may include one or more accelerometers or gyroscopes (not shown) that may provide information on the movements, positions, and orientation of the user 110 in a three dimensional space. These devices may be configured to quickly and accurately measure additional changes in the orientation of the body of the user 110, supplemented by the altitude and changes in altitude information provided by the one or more ultra-sensitive pressure sensors.

As discussed above, a single FM communicator 115 may be sufficient for accurate detection of fall events. However, one or more additional FM communicators 115 may provide more accurate detection, including more accurate detection of near-fall events. In the latter case, a pair of FM communicators 115 may be bilaterally affixed to the wrists of the user 110 (shown in FIG. 1). Each of the FM communicators 115 may be configured to exchange data wirelessly (or wired) and function together to reliably discriminate fall event types from other ADL. Upon detection of a fall, the FM communicator 115 may automatically summon assistance by sending, e.g., a radio signal to the transceiver 120 (shown in FIG. 1), which may comprise a telephone console unit (with built-in speakerphone), to deliver a message to a prioritized list of caregivers and ensure that it is received by a human being and not an answering machine. The fall condition type information, including fall and near-fall event information, time of day, maximum acceleration vector magnitude, change in elevation, and the like, may be logged in the transceiver 120 for each detected event. The fall condition type information may also be logged in the FM communicator 115, the RU 150, or the database 160.

As seen in FIG. 3, the FM communicator 115 may include a single large recessed actuator button 330 on its face that can also be used to initiate a personal emergency alert call or to cancel an alert call that is in progress. The FM communicator 115 may be configured to vibrate and/or emit an audio/visual signal to alert the user 110 of a call in progress. In this regard, the FM communicator 115 may include a display 340 (such as, e.g., an LED, LCD, or the like), which may display a message (e.g., a red light when an emergency call is placed to the transceiver 120, a green light during non-fall events, or the like). The FM communicator 115 may be configured to be reversible to prevent access to the actuator button 330 by a cognitively-impaired user 110, who might press the actuator button 330 without cause.

Furthermore, by positioning the FM communicator 115, including the FMC device 320, on, e.g., an extremity of the user 110 that is often employed in the maintenance of balance (e.g. the wrist of a human, the wrist of a robot, the neck of a horse, or the like), the inertial motions (such as, e.g., rapid changes in altimeter and/or g-force measurements, and/or high-g impacts) associated with the user 110 may be measured and determined and can provide for sensitive measures of fall and near-fall events. For some aspects of the disclosure, it may be beneficial to employ bilateral devices (e.g., an FM communicator 115 on each wrist of the user 110) to improve the ability to discriminate between a wide range of motions a user 110 may execute during normal activities of daily living (ADL). As an example, a firefighter 110 may routinely jog up stairs, an action that may be accompanied by a swinging arm motion that the FMC device 320 might need to be tuned into in order to note the fairly repetitive motion as normal. The kinematic features that may be characteristic of near-fall events, as well as hard and soft fall events, may be reliably measured and incorporated into the FMC device 320 to track, monitor, and/or autonomously signal any type of fall event. In this regard, the FMC device 320 may include fuzzy logic, neural networks, or other known artificial intelligence (Al) or machine learning systems.

Referring now to FIG. 4, an example of an FMC device 320, according to aspects of the disclosure is depicted. In particular, as seen in FIG. 4, the FMC module 320 may include a processor 3210, a sensor 3220, a transceiver unit 3230, a RAM 3240, a ROM 3250, an input/output (I/O) interface 3260, an altimeter 3270, and a power supply 3290. The FMC device 320 may be, for example, encapsulated in a waterproof or water resistant housing (not shown). In aspects where the FMC device 320 can be encapsulated in a water resistant/waterproof sealed housing, the altimeter's 3270 sensor ports can be arranged, for example, forming part of a surface of the seal such that they remain exposed to the atmosphere and ensure measurements can be taken. The transceiver unit 3230 may include, for example, a wireless transceiver chip, such as an IEEE 802.15.4, ZigBee chip, or the like utilizing a communication channel defined herein.

The processor 3210 may be configured to accept data, perform prescribed mathematical and logical operations at high speed, and output the results of these operations. The processor 3210 may control the operation of the various components of the FMC device 320, including task management and data handling. Further, the processor 3210 may include, for example, a Texas Instruments MSP430F4794 16-bit ultra-low-power mixed-signal microcontroller that has about 60 KB of non-volatile Flash ROM (program memory) and about 2.5 KB of volatile static RAM (scratchpad memory). The processor 3210 may further include multiple timers, multiple (e.g., four) 16-bit analog-to-digital (A/D) converters, and multiple (e.g., two) high-speed serial communication controllers, at least one of which may be used for uploading data to a computer off line or the transceiver 120 (shown in FIG. 1). The processor 3210 may include multiple (e.g., five) power-saving modes that may be ideal for battery-powered applications (e.g., a “standby” mode in which the current draw may be about 1.1 pA and which can be used between sampling instants, as the “wake-up” time from standby mode is less than 6 milliseconds). The processor 3210 may be configured to run at a frequency of, for example, about 1 MHz and draw less than about 0.62 mW of power. The three accelerometer and/or gyroscope channels from the inertial sensor 3220 may be sampled at a rate of, for example, about 256 Hz to ensure capture of all dynamic motions of potential interest. Similarly, the data from the altimeter 3270 may also be sampled at, for example, about 256 Hz and the samples averaged over approximately 1-s intervals (based on a sliding window) to reduce the FM communicator 115 noise floor and enable detection of transient changes in atmospheric pressure.

The inertial sensor 3220 may be configured to monitor and measure orientation and movement of the FMC device 320 in six degrees of freedom (6-DOF) and generate inertial data in real time, which may be used to reconstruct and animate fall events in three-dimensional space in addition to detecting fall or near-fall events. The inertial sensor 3220 may include, for example, a single triaxial accelerometer chip such as, e.g., an Analog Devices ADXL330 IC. The inertial sensor 3220 may be configured to sense both dynamic acceleration (motion) and static acceleration (gravity), within, for example a dynamic range of about +/−3.0 g, which is sufficient for capturing the motions of interest. The inertial sensor 3220 may be configured to use about 0.32 mW of power during operation. The output from the inertial sensor 3220 may be digitized using, for example, a subset (e.g., three of the four 16-bit A/D converter channels) of the multiple analog-to-digital (A/D) converter channels in the processor 3210, each of which may provide a resolution of, for example, about 45.8 milli-g's.

The transceiver unit 3230 may be configured to maintain synchrony of data sampling with another FMC device 320, such as, e.g., for bilateral monitoring to detect near-fall events. The data may be exchanged between the plural FMC modules 320 (via the transceiver units 3230) to provide accurate decision-making regarding fall events, and to initiate fall and personal alerts by communicating with the transceiver 120 (shown in FIG. 1). In this regard, wireless communication repeater units (not shown) may be included in the FM system 100 (shown in FIG. 1), including, for example, Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), AC-adapter Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1), ZigBee wireless communication repeaters, or the like utilizing a communication channel as defined herein. For example, transmission distances for ZigBee transceivers can range up to 100 m, depending on power output and environmental characteristics. The transceiver 3230 may operate, for example, in a 900 MHz band.

The RAM 3240 may be configured to temporarily store detected fall condition data, such as, for example, when the user 110 is out of range of the transceiver(s) 120. The RAM 3240 may include, for example, a non-volatile Flash RAM chip, which may be used to store continuous inertial and atmospheric pressure data sensed by, for example, the inertial sensor 3220 and altimeter 3270. The RAM 3240 may be configured to continuously collect data on, for example, four channels at a rate of, for example, 256 Hz. In this regard, the fall condition data may be uploaded from the FMC device 320 to the transceiver 120 at predetermined fixed (or variable) intervals (such as, e.g., every 30 s, every 1 min, every 5 min, every 10 min, or the like), when a fall event is detected (e.g., “YES” at Step 215, shown in FIG. 2), or when the user 110 is back within range of the transceiver(s) 120. The fall condition data may be uploaded to the transceiver 120 (or a personal computer (not shown)) via wireless communication or by placing the FM communicator 115 in, for example, a docking station (not shown), which may be in the transceiver 120. Further, the fall condition data in the RAM 3240 may be synchronized with fall condition data in a corresponding RAM (not shown) of another FM communicator 115, for example, before a new data collection period begins.

The ROM 3250 may be configured to store long term data as well as executable code, which may be executed, for example, by the processor 3210.

The I/O interface 3260 may facilitate exchange of data and control signals between, for example, a user interface (e.g., the actuator button 330, shown in FIG. 3), a graphic user interface (e.g., the display 340), or the like, and the various components in the FMC device 320.

The altimeter 3270 may include, for example, a high-sensitivity, temperature-compensated, calibrated pressure sensor (e.g., Freescale MP3H6115A, Freescale MPX4115A, or the like), which may be able to discriminate relatively small differences in elevation. The altimeter 3270 may be configured to measure absolute pressures over, for example, a range of about 150 hPa to about 1150 hPa. It is noted that atmospheric pressure close to the Earth's surface decreases quasi-linearly with altitude at a rate of 0.12 hPa/m. To take advantage of the full sensitivity of the altimeter 3270 in the atmospheric pressure range of interest, the output may be clamped using, e.g., a potentiometer, as shown in FIG. 5B, so that an output of zero may correspond to about 950 hPa (in the example shown in FIG. 5B) which may provide a weather-related low-pressure floor below the average barometric pressure of, for example, 983 hPa (in the example shown in FIG. 5B) for certain geographic locations where the average elevation may be 850 feet above sea level. Further, an altimeter 3270 output of about 5 V may be set to correspond to about 1150 hPa, which exceeds the highest global barometer reading recorded to date, i.e., 1083.3 hPa.

The power supply 3290 may include a disposable or rechargeable power source, such as, e.g., a battery. For example the power supply 3290 may include one or more 3V CR1225 150 mAh lithium coin batteries.

Referring now to FIG. 5A, a chart showing examples of pressure value data that may be output by the altimeter 3270 using, e.g., a Freescale MP3H6115A sensor, over a range of three elevation values (i.e., elevation=1 ft, 2 ft and 3 ft) is illustrated. The Freescale MP3H6115A sensor may have a sensitivity of about 2.7 mV/hPa. As seen, the difference in the altimeter 3270 outputs at elevations of 1 and 3 feet may be approximately 0.3 mV, which represents a change in pressure of about 0.3 mV/2.7 mV/hPa=0.1 hPa for, e.g., the Freescale MP3H6115A sensor, which is close to an expected value of 0.07 hPa for a change in elevation of 2 ft near the Earth's surface. Relatively rapid changes in elevation of about 2 ft may be detecting based on, e.g., the data shown in FIG. 5. It is noted that the altimeter 3270 may include, e.g., the Freescale MPX4115A sensor, or the like, which has a sensitivity of about 4.59 mV/hPa.

Referring now to FIG. 5B, an example of altimeter 500 that may be used in (or as) the altimeter 3270 of FIG. 4 is depicted, according to aspects of the disclosure. The altimeter 500 may include a power supply BT (e.g., a 9V type 6LR610 battery), a first capacitor C1 (e.g., 0.33 μF), a second capacitor C2 (e.g., 0.01 μF), a potentiometer P1 (e.g., 10 turns potentiometer, 20 k Ω, 0.5 W), a voltage regulator (e.g., 5V MC78L05), a pressure sensor (e.g., MPX4115A), and a protecting resistor R1 (e.g., 750 Ω/0.1 W). The altimeter 500 may be configured as shown in FIG. 5B, including terminals A, B, C.

Referring now to FIG. 6, an example of a transceiver 120 is depicted according to aspects of the disclosure. The transceiver 120 may be portable or stationary. As seen in FIG. 6, the transceiver 120 may include a processor 1210, an interactive voice response (IVR) unit 1220, a transceiver unit 1230, a RAM 1240, a ROM 1250, an input/output (I/O) interface 1260, one or more transducers 1270, a remote pressure sensor 1280, and a power supply 1290. The transceiver 120 may further comprise an antenna (not shown).

The processor 1210 is configured to accept data, perform prescribed mathematical and logical operations at high speed, and output the results of these operations. The processor 1210 may control the operation of the various components of the transceiver 120, including task management and data handling.

The remote pressure sensor 1280 may be utilized to improve the accuracy of the altimeter 3270 implemented in the FMC 320 of the FM communicators 115. In this regard, fall detection capabilities can be greatly enhanced using measures derived from altimetry using pressure sensors. However, altitude changes on the order of inches or even feet represent extremely small changes in pressure. In fact, changes in atmospheric pressure not due to altitude changes are relatively larger in effect.

As discussed herein, multiple pressure sensors (See FIGS. 10A and 10B) that include the remote pressure sensor 1280 may be utilized in order to reduce pressure variance due to atmospheric pressure changes and result in a much more accurate change in altitude estimation. This may be accomplished through use of the remote pressure sensor 1280 that is placed in an environment, e.g., a home. The altitude of the remote sensor 1280 does not change and therefore represents a fixed altitude. The pressure sensor data from the remote sensor 1280 may be time-synchronized with the pressure sensor data from the body-worn sensor (altimeter 3270 implemented in the FMC 320 of the FM communicators 115), allowing common variance to be removed. This greatly reduces the effects of pressure changes not due to altitude changes in the body-worn sensor (altimeter 3270 implemented in the FMC 320 of the FM communicators 115), including atmospheric changes, HVAC, doors opening and closing, etc. This process is further described in greater detail in conjunction with FIG. 11 below.

The remote pressure sensor 1280 may include, for example, a high-sensitivity, temperature-compensated, calibrated pressure sensor (e.g., Freescale MP3H6115A, Freescale MPX4115A, or the like), which may be able to discriminate relatively small differences in elevation. The remote pressure sensor 1280 may be configured to measure absolute pressures over, for example, a range of about 150 hPa to about 1150 hPa. It is noted that atmospheric pressure close to the Earth's surface decreases quasi-linearly with altitude at a rate of 0.12 hPa/m. To take advantage of the full sensitivity of remote pressure sensor 1280 in the atmospheric pressure range of interest, the output may be clamped using, e.g., a potentiometer, as shown in FIG. 5B, so that an output of zero may correspond to about 950 hPa (in the example shown in FIG. 5B) which may provide a weather-related low-pressure floor below the average barometric pressure of, for example, 983 hPa (in the example shown in FIG. 5B) for certain geographic locations where the average elevation may be 850 feet above sea level. Further, the remote pressure sensor 1280 output of about 5 V may be set to correspond to about 1150 hPa, which exceeds the highest global barometer reading recorded to date, i.e., 1083.3 hPa.

The IVR unit 1220 may be configured to synthesize a voice message that, for example, identifies the nature of a call. The IVR unit 1220 may ask, for example, emergency call recipients to acknowledge receipt of a call by saying a particular command, pressing a key on a touch-tone telephone, responding with an audio/visual message, or the like. Upon receiving an acknowledgement, a communication session may be established between the transceiver 120 and the call recipient (e.g., RU 150, shown in FIG. 1). In this regard, the transducer 1270, which may include a speakerphone and a microphone, may be activated to allow for bidirectional communication between the user 110 and the call recipient. By requiring acknowledgement of receipt of the message call from the transceiver 120 may ensure that the emergency calls are received by a human being rather than an answering machine.

The transceiver unit 1230 may include, for example, a telephone modem, a radio frequency (RF) transmitter and receiver, and the like, to enable bidirectional communication between the transceiver 120 and the FM communicator 115 and/or the RU 150 (shown in FIG. 1). The transceiver unit 1230 may include, for example, a wireless transceiver chip, such as an IEEE 802.15.4, ZigBee chip, Wi-Fi, or the like. The transceiver unit 1230 may be configured to receive data, including fall condition data, as well as control signals from the FM communicator 115. The transceiver unit 1230, under control of the processor 1210, may be configured such that failure of any party on the call list to acknowledge an emergency call will cause a call (e.g., a 911 call) to be placed to emergency personnel, who can then talk to the user 110 after acknowledging the call and/or using the telephone number of the user 110 (e.g., obtained via caller ID) to determine the address to which to send help. The user 110 may have the option of canceling any call in progress by manipulating a user interface (e.g., the large recessed actuator button 330, shown in FIG. 3) on the FM communicator 115. The same user interface may be used to initiate a personal emergency alert and to cancel an emergency alert that is in progress. The transceiver 120 may be configured to be as easy to set up as a conventional telephone answering machine.

The RAM 1240 may be configured to temporarily store detected fall condition data, one or more contact lists, and the like. The fall condition data may be downloaded from the FM communicator 115 at predetermined intervals, when the user 110 is back within range of the transceiver(s) 120, or, when a fall event is detected.

The ROM 1250 may be configured to store long term data as well as executable code, which may be executed, for example, by the processor 1210.

The I/O interface 1260 may facilitate exchange of data and control signals between, for example, a user interface (e.g., alphanumeric keypad, or the like) (not shown), a graphic user interface (e.g., a touch-screen display, or the like) (not shown), or the like, and the various components in the transceiver 120.

The transducer(s) 1270 may include, for example, but not limited to, a speaker (not shown), a microphone (not shown), a display (not shown), and the like.

The power supply 1290 may include an input for an alternating (AC) or direct current (DC) power source, such as, e.g., household electricity; and/or a disposable or rechargeable power source, such as, e.g., a battery.

Referring now to FIGS. 7A and 7B, changes in position and velocity, respectively, of wrist and pelvis in response to a forward translational perturbation of the lower limbs initiated at time zero that may result in a fall are depicted in each graph. It is now widely appreciated that reactive balance control following external perturbations involves coordinated activation of musculature of the legs, torso, arms, and neck. Much of the recent research in the field of posture and balance in the context of postural stability has focused on the important role that the arms, in particular, play in the recovery response to unexpected perturbations. For example, arm movements can be employed as part of an active recovery strategy to avoid falling through the introduction of inertial effects (e.g., much as swinging of the arms is used for stabilization of the body during locomotion, or as a protective mechanism, absorbing impact and shielding the pelvis and head from high-speed impact, to avoid potential injury from a fall. As shown in FIGS. 7A, 7B, Hsiao and Robinovitch found, as discussed, for example, in Hsiao E T, Robinovitch S N, “Common protective movements govern unexpected falls from standing height,” J Biomech, January 1998; 31(1):1-9, that a forward translational perturbation of the lower legs may lead to an immediate upward movement of the wrists to a maximum speed of 400 cm/s, followed by a rapid downward movement to a maximum speed of 400 cm/s, and a second upward dynamic acceleration in excess of 1 g that substantially reduces wrist speed just prior to impact (which occurred 90 ms before pelvis impact). Hsiao and Robinovitch observed that impacts occurred to both wrists in 93% of complete falls. The arm reactions that occur immediately following a perturbation of one or both lower limbs may be substantially faster than volitional arm movements, where for the latter, there may be an opportunity to pre-plan the movement. These reactions appear to reflect more than merely a “startle” response, since they are scaled to the magnitude of the perturbation. Older adults appear to rely more on arm reactions than young adults due to age-related deterioration in other postural control mechanisms.

Referring now to charts D, E, F, G in FIG. 8, forearm (wrist) horizontal and vertical trajectories during walking (dashed line) and unexpected slipping (solid line) are shown. In gait slipping experiments by Marigold et al. (e.g., as described in Marigold D S, Bethune A J, Patla A E, “Role of the unperturbed limb and arms in the reactive recovery response to an unexpected slip during locomotion,” J Neurophysiol, April 2003; 89(4):1727-37, Epub Dec. 11, 2002), it was found that the left and right deltoid muscles both activated within approximately 150 ms and were similar in timing to the responses of the unperturbed lower (leg) limb, indicating that a dynamic multi-limb coordinated strategy is employed by the central nervous system to control and coordinate the upper and lower limbs in reactive recovery responses to unexpected slips. Left forearm vertical and horizontal flexion/elevation speeds measured at the wrist in response to right foot slips may both peak at about 200 cm/s. Right forearm horizontal displacement may not be different from the unperturbed case, but right forearm vertical speed may reach about 200 cm/s. The changes in forearm speed, which may occur over an interval of approximately 200 ms, represents accelerations on the order of 1 g. In this case, a user 110 may be seen to move both arms rapidly in the same manner (flexion). Arm responses to translational platform perturbations in both the anterior-posterior and mediolateral directions from a standing posture in young and middle-aged users (e.g., age range: 23-48 years) may result in bilateral elbow flexion and shoulder abduction, independent of perturbation direction. Elbow flexion angular speed may reach about 300 deg/s and shoulder abduction angular speed may reach about 80 deg/s. Deltoid muscle activation may be observed at about 90 ms, which is coincident with early muscle activation of the stabilizing ankle response. Bilateral arm responses may be scaled to the perturbation magnitude, but may move rapidly in the same direction (flexion).

It appears that older adults may be more likely than younger adults to initiate arm movements in response to translational platform perturbations. The timing and magnitude of shoulder muscle activations may be modulated according to the characteristics of the perturbation and even the earliest trajectory of arm motion may vary according to the direction of the perturbation. Although shoulder muscle activity may begin very early after perturbation onset, similar in timing to the ankle response, unlike the ankle muscles, arm and shoulder muscles may not be activated or involved in balancing prior to initiation of the perturbation. In response to sudden roll tilt of the lower legs from a standing posture using a multidimensional stance perturbation platform, initial arm roll movements (e.g., abduction and adduction) of elderly users (e.g., 60-75 years old) may differ from those of young (e.g., 20-34 years old) and middle-aged (e.g., 35-55 years old) users. In young and middle-aged users, initial arm roll movements may be in a direction opposite to the tilt (i.e., but in the same direction as the initial trunk roll recovery response). In elderly users, however, initial arm roll movements may be in the same direction as the tilt (i.e., which may also be in the same direction as trunk roll). Thus, whereas young and middle-aged users may adduct the down-hill arm and abduct the uphill arm relative to the trunk, elderly users may do the opposite: i.e., abduct the downhill arm and adduct the uphill arm. For roll tilts, therefore, users may move both arms rapidly in the same direction, either in the same or opposite direction as the platform tilt.

Independent of the arm movement direction relative to the trunk, all three groups of users may reach equivalent kinematic downhill upper-arm roll angular speeds of approximately 20 deg/s, just at different times (175-275 ms in the younger groups, 400-500 ms in the elderly group) and in different directions (adduction for the younger groups, abduction for the elderly group). These arm speeds may be measured on the upper aspect of the arm; due to its location near the non-pivoting end of a moment arm, wrist translational speeds may be several times greater than the upper-arm translational speeds.

In elderly users, whereas the downhill arm may achieve an abduction roll angle of about 3 degrees to 4 degrees relative to the trunk 700 ms after initiation of the perturbation (by which time the trunk velocity had stabilized), the uphill arm may achieve an adduction roll angle of about 2 degrees to 3 degrees.

The responses to multidimensional stance perturbations of users with Parkinson's disease may include sudden forward pitch perturbations of the lower legs, causing arm and trunk extension (backward pitching); conversely, sudden backward pitch perturbations of the lower legs may cause arm and trunk flexion (forward pitching). Responses in users with Parkinson's disease may be similar to those of users not having Parkinson's disease, but somewhat decreased in speed and peak displacement. Still, even in the slowest cases—Parkinson's disease users off their medication with pitch direction (backward pitch) perturbations—upper-arm motions may reach flexion speeds exceeding 12 deg/s, followed by extension speeds exceeding 14 deg/s. The same Parkinson's disease users off their medication may have an average extension speed in excess of 33 deg/s in response to forward pitching perturbations, very similar to users with Parkinson's disease on their medication. Parkinson's disease users may lack the normal graded arm pitch control for different amounts of backward pitch; in Parkinson's disease users, the arm activation may resemble a startle reflex, since the activation may not be scaled to the perturbation magnitude. Deltoid muscles responses may occur earlier in users with Parkinson's disease (on or off their medication) than in non-Parkinson's users, which is consistent with a startle response. For all pitch tilts, therefore, users with or without Parkinson's disease may have the following in common: all may move both arms rapidly in the same direction.

Referring back to FIG. 1, use of bilateral FM communicators 115 in the FM system 100 may enable the exploitation of bilateral forearm kinematic features that are characteristic of near-fall events, as well as fall events. The kinematics of instinctive bilateral arm reactions that occur in response to slipping and tripping events, especially in older adults, may be used to discriminate near-fall events from ADL. The specific recovery and/or protective reactions, which may have onset latencies that are as early as (or earlier than) those of the legs, may be generally dependent on the direction of the perturbation, but have certain common and robust characteristics. It appears that older adults may rely even more on bilateral arm reactions than do younger adults due to age-related deterioration in other postural control mechanisms. Although bilateral measures can also be relied on as a precursor for fall events, unilateral measurement may be adequate to detect actual falls.

The FM communicator 115 (e.g., shown in FIG. 3) may be small, light-weight, convenient and comfortable to wear during both wakefulness and sleep and bathing/showering. The latter may be particularly important since many falls occur when elderly individuals (user 110) get up during the night to use the bathroom. The FMC device 320 may be sized at, for example, approximately 2.0 cm×1.2 cm×1.0 cm and weigh about 8 g. It appears that the wrists may be, by far, the most desirable locations for wearing the FM communicator(s) 115 in terms of ergonomics.

The FM system 100 (shown in FIG. 1) may be brought to market with multiple pricing options, ranging from outright purchase (e.g., for long-term use) to short-term lease (e.g., for use by an elderly person during the first few months of recuperation after a hospital stay). Independent of the option selected, the FM system 100 may be provided with, or without a monthly monitoring fee, since the user 110 may provide his/her own prioritized call list that may be stored in the transceiver 120 and/or the FM communicator 115. For those living independently, highest priority may likely be family members and friends; for residents of an elder care facility, first priority may be the facility security station. The availability of a fall/personal alert monitor without a required ongoing monthly fee may make the FM system 100 attractive and affordable to a wide segment of elderly individuals and their families. Payment plans may also be made available to users 110 who prefer paying a small monthly fee over time.

The disclosure has broader applications than monitoring a fall condition of the user 110, including, for example, sensing revolutions of wind turbine blades, or the like.

With respect to the high sensitivity pressure sensors and for the purpose of fall detection, conventional off-the-shelf pressure sensor-based altimeters can be inadequate to reliably measure the small changes in altitude, e.g. two to three feet, which are typically seen with falls. Several factors contribute to this limitation. For example, in some aspects, the acceleration experienced by the sensor due to Earth's gravity or due to wrist accelerations can influence the pressure measurement by the effect it creates on a sensor port, for example, a deflection of the sensing membrane. Even pressure sensors that attempt and claim to have acceleration compensation to reduce this effect are often inadequate and consequently fail to reduce acceleration-related errors to a level less than the desired resolution for these types of falls.

In addition, dynamic pressure can be an adverse effect. When air contacts the sensor diaphragm with a velocity other than zero, a pressure is induced that the sensor cannot distinguish from pressure due to altitude. Although proper aerodynamic shielding of the sensor cavity does reduce this effect, the error it induces can be significant when considering the resolution required for short distance fall detection. Finally, a significant amount of noise can exist when a single pressure sensor is implemented and substantial filtering can be required to extract a usable altitude signal.

Referring now to FIG. 9, exemplary method steps for a fall monitoring system according to some aspects of the disclosure are depicted. In particular, the method steps which can be implemented using a FM system that implements at least one pair of high sensitivity pressure sensors. At step 901, monitoring of translational and rotational movement of the body or a portion of the body can take place. As previously described, for example, the FM communicator 115 may be configured to provide information concerning various other body orientations (e.g., lying prone, supine, on one's side, or the like) and movement patterns.

At step 905, measuring one or more changes in altitude of the body or a portion of the body using an altimeter including more than one high sensitivity pressure sensor can take place. The altimeter can be used to monitor previously described changes in the orientation and movement of the user 110.

At step 910, based on the changes sensed using both high sensitivity pressure sensors, the system can average out sensed data from at least one pair of opposed sensors to eliminate or significantly reduce noise, dynamic pressure, and/or the previously mentioned related errors. Based on the averaged out data, the FM communicator 115 may generate one or more of: orientation data, translation movement data, rotational movement data, altitude data, altitude change data, time data, date data, location data, biometrics data, and the like.

At step 915, determining if the user 110 has experienced a fall event, is exhibiting a susceptibility to a fall, or has experienced a near fall event. As previously mentioned, in fall event detection, algorithms may be used, which are based on a combination of: (a) unilateral (or, if necessary, bilateral) acceleration profiles measured, e.g., at the wrists; (b) impact accelerations measured, e.g., at the wrist(s); (c) sudden measured changes in altitude (barometric pressure); (d) a period of inactivity following a fall event; and/or (e) relative change in wrist(s) orientations following an ostensible fall event. Near-fall event detection algorithms may be also used, which are based on bilateral (or, if acceptable, unilateral) perturbation recovery reactions measured, e.g., at the wrist(s) and/or multifactorial combination of the wrist inertial, altimetry, and temporal feature characteristics.

Appropriate criteria and corresponding threshold values may be identified to enable accurate and reliable discrimination of both fall and near-fall events from other ADL. The fall event type may include, for example, a “soft” fall event, a “hard” fall event, a fall event, a near-fall event, a level of susceptibility to a fall, or the like. The threshold values for “soft” or “hard” may be set, for example, at the original equipment manufacturer (OEM), or provided post-manufacturing. The threshold values may be based, for example, on a degree of motion over a predetermined period of time. For example, a “hard” fall event may be determined when, for example, the FM communicator 115 experiences a three-foot drop in a fraction of a second; and a “soft” fall event may be determined when, for example, the FM communicator 115 experiences a three-foot drop over a period of one or more seconds. It is noted that the foregoing threshold values are merely provided to illustrate examples of threshold values for “soft” and “hard” falls and are in no way limiting. Furthermore, the range of fall event values is in no way limited to “soft” and “hard” falls, but, instead, may have any number of threshold values for the fall event, including, for example, but not limited to, a “very soft” fall, a “medium” fall, a “very hard” fall, and the like.

At step 920, determining an alert event based on the translational and rotational movement of the body and the change in altitude of the body or portion of it can take place. For example, the FM communicator 115 may generate fall status data based on the determined fall event type and send the fall status data to a transceiver 120 for the transceiver 120 to retrieve a contact list from an internal storage and select an address from the list based on the fall status data. The contact list may include, for example, a prioritized listing of names, telephone numbers, addresses, or the like. The contact list may be prioritized based on a particular fall event type, a particular time of day, a particular date, or the like, to maximize the probability of reaching a person who may be able to assist the user 110. Then, the retrieved message may be conveyed to the selected contact. In this regard, the message may be conveyed as a visual message (e.g., a text message, an instant message, an SMS message, an email message, or the like), as an audio message (e.g., a telephone message, an audio file message, or the like), a combination of a visual message and an audio message, or the like.

Referring now to FIG. 10A, exemplary analog pressure sensors configured to have sensing ports opposed to each other according to some aspects of the disclosure are depicted. In particular, the at least one pair of nominally identical pressure sensors 1005A and 1010A can be arranged in an opposed configuration such that the sensing ports are oriented in opposite directions. The ports may be mounted in the same or different modules depending on the aspect. However, it may be important that they remain oppositely fixed in relation to each other.

According to aspects of the disclosure, this opposed port configuration can allow one pressure sensor, e.g. 1005A, to measure the ambient air pressure plus any inertial force due to acceleration of the sensor body, while the other sensor, e.g. 1010A, experiences the same pressure but an equal and opposite inertial force. Further, in the case where the pressure sensors 1005A and 1010A experience a nonzero airflow velocity (due for instance to limb motion), the pressure sensors 1005A and 1010A in an opposed configuration can additionally significantly reduce the effect that this dynamic pressure has on the total sensed pressure.

In the present aspect, analog pressure sensors 1005A and 1010A may be used. In other aspects, such as the one depicted in FIG. 10B, digital sensors 1005B and 1010B can be included in the FM system. When analog pressure sensors 1005A and 1010A are implemented, an analog averaging circuit 1015A can be included to perform an average function for an output 1030A. In other aspects, the function of the analog averaging circuit 1015A may be alternatively implemented in a processor. An averaging function can sum the output signals from each of the pressure sensors 1005A and 1010A and divide the result by two. This function can effectively cancel the effect of the inertial force, leaving only the ambient pressure. In some aspects, the averaging operation also can also reduce the effect of sensor noise on the pressure signal output 1030A. A filter 1025A, such as a low-pass filter function can compute a baseline value for the pressure. The baseline can then be subtracted from the unfiltered pressure signal to generate a measure of the short-term rate of change of pressure. In the present analog example, these functions can be implemented using analog circuitry (op-amps and passive components).

Referring now to FIG. 10B exemplary digital pressure sensors configured to have sensing ports opposed to each other according to some aspects of the disclosure are depicted. In particular, the at least one pair of nominally identical pressure sensors 1005B and 1010B can be arranged in an opposed configuration such that the sensing ports are oriented in opposite directions. The ports may be mounted in the same or different modules depending on the aspect. However, it may be important that they remain oppositely fixed in relation to each other.

According to aspects of the disclosure, this opposed port configuration can allow one pressure sensor, e.g. 1005B, to measure air pressure plus any inertial force due to acceleration of the sensor body, while the other sensor, e.g. 1010B, experiences the same air pressure but an equal and opposite inertial force. Further, in the case where the pressure sensors 1005B and 1010B experience a nonzero airflow velocity (due for instance to limb motion), the pressure sensors 1005B and 1010B in an opposed configuration can additionally significantly reduce the effect that this dynamic pressure has on the total sensed pressure.

In the present aspect, digital pressure sensors 1005B and 1010B may be included and along with a microcontroller 1050B perform an average function for an output 1030B. An averaging function can sum 1015B the output signals from each of the pressure sensors 1005B and 1010B and divide 1020B the result by two. This function can effectively cancel the effect of the inertial force, leaving only the ambient pressure. In some aspects, the averaging operation also can also reduce the effect of sensor noise on the pressure signal output 1030B. A filter 1025B, such as a low-pass filter function can compute a baseline value for the pressure. The baseline can then be subtracted from the unfiltered pressure signal to generate a measure of the short-term rate of change of pressure.

FIG. 11 illustrates a process for improving pressure measurements according to aspects of the disclosure. In particular, FIG. 11 illustrates an example process for improving measurements of the altimeter 3270, which may be implemented with the two pressure sensors (shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B) located in FM communicator 115. However, in one aspect the two pressure sensors (shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B) located in FM communicator 115 may be implemented as a neck-worn pendant, body worn patch, or the like. These pressure sensors measure changes in pressure.

The FM communicator 115 wirelessly transmits the pressure sensor data to the transceiver 120. The transceiver 120 or base station may have its own pressure sensor(s), the remote pressure sensor 1280 (as shown in FIG. 6). The data from the FM communicator 115 and from the transceiver 120 may be time synchronized by the transceiver 120 and common variance removed mathematically using signal processing techniques (e.g., filtering, subtraction, etc.). The fall detection algorithm of FIG. 2 uses this data, in conjunction with inertial measurements obtained from the FM communicator 115, to more accurately determine if the person wearing the FM communicator 115 has fallen.

With further reference to FIG. 11, FIG. 11 shows a pressure compensation algorithm 1100. In box 1102, pressure readings from the altimeter 3270 associated with the user and the FM communicator 115 may be captured consistent with the disclosure. Thereafter, as shown in box 1104, pressure readings from the altimeter 3270 may be sent wirelessly to the transceiver 120/base station on a communication channel as defined herein.

In box 1106, pressure readings from the remote pressure sensor 1280 implemented in the transceiver 120/base station may be obtained. Thereafter, as shown in box 1108, the pressure readings from the remote pressure sensor 1280 may be sent wirelessly to the FM communicator 115 on a communication channel as defined herein.

Finally, as shown in box 1110, the pressure readings from each of the pressure sensors may be filtered, compared, subtracted, and the like to generate more accurate changes in altitude. In one aspect, this process may take place in the transceiver 120/base station. In another aspect, this process may take place in the FM communicator 115.

FIGS. 12A, 12B, and 12C illustrate arm orientations that are detected by the fall monitoring system according to aspects of the disclosure. In particular, FIG. 12A shows a user's arm bent such that the upper arm and lower arm are approaching a 90° angle as shown by the angle Θ. More specifically, the angle Θ may be defined along a longitudinal axis extending from the fingers of the user's hand to the elbow of the user's arm; and along the longitudinal axis extending from the elbow of the user's arm to the shoulder of the user. FIG. 12B shows the user's arm extended such that the angle between the upper arm and the lower arm is approaching 180° as shown by the angle Θ. Finally, FIG. 12C shows the user's arm extended upwardly such that the user's arm is approaching vertical as shown by the angle ϕ. The angle ϕ may be defined by an axis extending from the user's shoulder to the user's fingertips and/or wrist.

In this regard, the angle Θ and the angle ϕ may be determined by the inertial sensor 3220. More specifically, the inertial sensor 3220 may be arranged on the wrist of the wearer as shown in FIGS. 12A, 12B, and 12C. Accordingly, the inertial sensor 3220 may determine the translational movement and/or rotational movement of the wrist. The known geometry of the human body together with the translational movement and/or rotational movement of the wrist detected by inertial sensor 3220 may be utilized to determine the angle Θ and the angle ϕ.

Fall detection capabilities can be greatly enhanced using measures derived from altimetry using one or more pressure sensors as described in this disclosure. However, when the pressure sensor is worn on the wrist, many human activities result in changes in altitude that reduce the ability to classify a given altitude change as a fall event.

As described above, the disclosure sets forth a triaxial accelerometer sensor 3220 co-located in the FM communicator 115 with one or more pressure sensors to estimate changes in body altitude. It is further contemplated that an algorithm may use device orientation and body geometry constraints to determine arm orientation relative to the body. Aspects of the disclosure may use arm orientation to greatly reduce the effects of arm behavior on body altitude estimation. In other words, aspects of the disclosure may factor in arm orientation in order to more accurately determine and/or estimate body altitude and hence more accurately determine falls. For example, a user reaching overhead to take something out of a cabinet will, upon bringing her/his arm back to a lower elevation, produce a pressure signal that greatly mimics the rapid pressure change seen during a fall. Use of the accelerometer signal from the accelerometer to determine arm orientation during overhead reaching will enable fall and non-fall events to be discriminated more accurately. In this regard, acceleration signals from the accelerometer may work in concert with the one or more pressure sensors to determine fall and non-fall events more accurately.

With reference to FIG. 12C, the FM communicator 115 may ignore the pressure sensor data (i.e., turn off fall detection) whenever the wrist is oriented in an “upward” direction, largely parallel to the gravity vector. In other aspects, the FM communicator 115 may include the pressure sensor data whenever the wrist is oriented in an “upward” direction, largely parallel to the gravity vector when the movement of the wrist in the upper direction is indicative of an action associated with a fall as determined by the associated acceleration provided by the inertial sensor 3220. In other words, in some aspects when the inertial sensor 3220 measures excessive acceleration, then the pressure sensor data may not be ignored. The determination of excessive acceleration may be determined empirically, may be determined based on historical collection of data, may be determined based on artificial intelligence, or the like. In some aspects, the above-noted features may be implemented by the FM communicator 115, by the processor 3210, by the transceiver 120, by the processor 1210, or by the RU 150.

In some aspects, the angle of the arm with respect to the gravity vector, ϕ, may be determined utilizing a threshold value of the vertical, ξ, a value of which may be determined empirically, may be determined based on historical collection of data, may be determined based on artificial intelligence, or the like. For example, if ξ=45 degrees, then ϕ≤ξ may be utilized for this rule to take effect and turn off fall detection.

In some aspects, the threshold value of the vertical ξ may be 80 degrees; the threshold value of the vertical ξ may be 70 degrees; the threshold value of the vertical ξ may be 60 degrees; the threshold value of the vertical ξ may be 50 degrees; the threshold value of the vertical may be 40 degrees; the threshold value of the vertical ξ may be 30 degrees; or the threshold value of the vertical ξ may be 20 degrees. Other threshold values are contemplated as well.

Additionally, the disclosure addresses compensation of the pressure sensor for changes in wrist elevation in proportion to the angle between the upper and lower arm (i.e., elbow angle, θ). In particular, consider an elevation compensation of Δh=−X*cos(θ), where Δh is the change in elevation and X is the measured or estimated distance between the wearer's elbow and wrist. Thus, the arm being oriented horizontally, largely perpendicular to the gravity vector, would see the minimum correction (i.e., θ=90 degrees and Δh=0) and the arm being oriented in a “downward” direction, largely parallel to the gravity vector, would see maximum correction (i.e., θ=180 degrees and Δh=X). In some aspects, the above-noted correction may be implemented by the FM communicator 115, by the processor 3210, by the transceiver 120, by the processor 1210, or by the RU 150.

FIG. 13 illustrates a process for improving pressure measurements according to aspects of the disclosure. In particular, FIG. 13 illustrates an arm orientation compensation process 1300 that accounts for elbow angle and upward arm orientations that approach vertical. In box 1302, the arm orientation compensation process 1300 may determine the orientation of the user's arm with the FM communicator 115. In this regard, the inertial sensor 3220 of the FM communicator 115 may be configured to monitor and measure orientation and movement of the FMC device 320 in six degrees of freedom (6-DOF) and generate inertial data in real time, which may be used to determine arm orientation. More specifically, in box 1302 the inertial sensor 3220 may determine the angle θ (defined above and illustrated in FIGS. 12A and 12B) as well as the angle ϕ (defined above and illustrated in FIG. 12C).

In box 1304, the arm orientation compensation process 1300 may determine whether the orientation of the arm is near vertical. The determination again relies on the inertial sensor 3220 of the FM communicator 115 to determine arm orientation and movement. Moreover, the angle of the arm with respect to the gravity vector, ϕ, must be within a threshold value of the vertical, ξ, a value of which may be determined empirically, may be determined based on historical collection of data, may be determined based on artificial intelligence, or the like. For example, if ξ=45 degrees, then ϕ≤ξ may be utilized as a rule to determine “near vertical.” If the arm is near vertical, the arm orientation compensation process 1300 advances to box 1306. If the arm is not near vertical, the arm orientation compensation process 1300 advances to box 1308.

In box 1306, when the arm is near vertical, the arm orientation compensation process 1300 may ignore pressure sensor data/altimeter readings. This improves the ability to determine fall and non-fall events accurately. In other aspects, the arm orientation compensation process 1300 may include the pressure sensor data whenever the wrist is oriented in an “upward” direction, largely parallel to the gravity vector when the movement of the wrist in the upper direction is indicative of an action associated with a fall as determined by the associated acceleration provided by the accelerometer. In other words, in some aspects when the accelerometer measures excessive acceleration, then the pressure sensor data may not be ignored. The determination of excessive acceleration may be determined empirically, may be determined based on historical collection of data, may be determined based on artificial intelligence, or the like.

In box 1308, the arm orientation compensation process 1300 may otherwise compensate the pressure sensor data/altimeter readings based on orientation of user's arm. In particular, an elevation compensation of Δh=−X*cos(θ) may be applied to the elevation determination.

In some aspects, the system may include a magnetometer that measures the direction, strength, or relative change of a magnetic field at a particular location. In further aspects, the magnetometer may be implemented with a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) magnetic field sensor. In other aspects, the magnetometer may be configured to detect orientation relative to north, east, and down (NED).

Accordingly, fall detection capabilities can be greatly enhanced using measures derived from altimetry using one or more pressure sensors that include compensation for arm orientation as described in this disclosure. In this regard, when the pressure sensor is worn on the wrist and is compensated as set forth in the disclosure, the numerous human activities that result in changes in altitude may be compensated for in order to more accurately classify a given altitude change as a fall event.

Aspects of the disclosure may include communication channels that may be any type of wired or wireless electronic communications network, such as, e.g., a wired/wireless local area network (LAN), a wired/wireless personal area network (PAN), a wired/wireless home area network (HAN), a wired/wireless wide area network (WAN), a campus network, a metropolitan network, an enterprise private network, a virtual private network (VPN), an internetwork, a backbone network (BBN), a global area network (GAN), the Internet, an intranet, an extranet, an overlay network, Near field communication (NFC), a cellular telephone network, a Personal Communications Service (PCS), using known protocols such as the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access), GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA network technologies, Long Term Evolution (LTE), 5G (5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems), WiMAX, HSPA+, W-CDMA (Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access), CDMA2000 (also known as C2K or IMT Multi-Carrier (IMT-MC)), Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), Bluetooth, and/or the like, and/or a combination of two or more thereof. The NFC standards cover communications protocols and data exchange formats, and are based on existing radio-frequency identification (RFID) standards including ISO/IEC 14443 and FeliCa. The standards include ISO/IEC 18092[3] and those defined by the NFC Forum.

Aspects of the disclosure may be implemented in any type of computing devices, such as, e.g., a desktop computer, personal computer, a laptop/mobile computer, a personal data assistant (PDA), a mobile phone, a tablet computer, cloud computing device, a custom MEMS platform, and the like, with wired/wireless communications capabilities via the communication channels.

Further in accordance with various aspects of the disclosure, the methods described herein are intended for operation with dedicated hardware implementations including, but not limited to, PCs, PDAs, semiconductors, application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), programmable logic arrays, cloud computing devices, and other hardware devices constructed to implement the methods described herein. Further in accordance with various aspects of the disclosure, the methods described herein are intended for operation with non-dedicated hardware implementations including, but not limited to, PCs, PDAs, semiconductors, application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), programmable logic arrays, cloud computing devices, and other hardware devices constructed to implement the methods described herein.

It should also be noted that the software implementations of the disclosure as described herein are optionally stored on a tangible storage medium, such as: a magnetic medium such as a disk or tape; a magneto-optical or optical medium such as a disk; or a solid state medium such as a memory card or other package that houses one or more read-only (non-volatile) memories, random access memories, or other re-writable (volatile) memories. A digital file attachment to email or other self-contained information archive or set of archives is considered a distribution medium equivalent to a tangible storage medium. Accordingly, the disclosure is considered to include a tangible storage medium or distribution medium, as listed herein and including art-recognized equivalents and successor media, in which the software implementations herein are stored.

Additionally, the various aspects of the disclosure may be implemented in a non-generic computer implementation. Moreover, the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein improve the functioning of the system as is apparent from the disclosure hereof. Furthermore, the various aspects of the disclosure involve computer hardware that is specifically programmed to solve the complex problem addressed by the disclosure. Accordingly, the various aspects of the disclosure improve the functioning of the system overall in its specific implementation to perform the process set forth by the disclosure and as defined by the claims.

According to an example, the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) may include a device and/or system that may estimate its location based, at least in part, on signals received from space vehicles (SVs). In particular, such a device and/or system may obtain “pseudorange” measurements including approximations of distances between associated SVs and a navigation satellite receiver. In a particular example, such a pseudorange may be determined at a receiver that is capable of processing signals from one or more SVs as part of a Satellite Positioning System (SPS). Such an SPS may comprise, for example, a Global Positioning System (GPS), Galileo, Glonass, to name a few, or any SPS developed in the future. To determine its location, a satellite navigation receiver may obtain pseudorange measurements to three or more satellites as well as their positions at time of transmitting. Knowing the SV orbital parameters, these positions can be calculated for any point in time. A pseudorange measurement may then be determined based, at least in part, on the time a signal travels from an SV to the receiver, multiplied by the speed of light. While techniques described herein may be provided as implementations of location determination in GPS and/or Galileo types of SPS as specific illustrations according to particular examples, it should be understood that these techniques may also apply to other types of SPS, and that claimed subject matter is not limited in this respect.

As used herein, interactive voice response (IVR) is a technology that allows a computer to interact with humans through the use of voice and DTMF tones input via keypad. In telecommunications, IVR allows customers to interact with a company's host system via a telephone keypad or by voice recognition, after which they can service their own inquiries by following the IVR dialogue. IVR systems can respond with prerecorded or dynamically generated audio to further direct users on how to proceed. IVR applications can be used to control almost any function where the interface can be broken down into a series of simple interactions. IVR systems deployed in the network are sized to handle large call volumes.

Aspects of the disclosure may include a server executing an instance of an application or software configured to accept requests from a client and giving responses accordingly. The server may run on any computer including dedicated computers. The computer may include at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element may carry out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit may change the order of operations in response to stored information. The server may include peripheral devices that may allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved. The server may operate within a client-server architecture. The server may perform some tasks on behalf of clients. The clients may connect to the server through the network on a communication channel as defined herein. The server may use memory with error detection and correction, redundant disks, redundant power supplies and so on.

The term text message or SMS refers to “short message service” which is a text messaging service component of phone, web, or mobile communication systems. It uses standardized communications protocols to allow fixed line or mobile phone devices to exchange short text messages. SMS was originally designed as part of GSM, but is now available on a wide range of networks, including 3G, 4G, LTE, and 5G networks or networks associated with the communication channel as defined herein. In other aspects, text message may include Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), which is a standard way to send messages that include multimedia content to and from mobile phones. It extends the core SMS (Short Message Service) capability that allowed exchange of text messages only up to 160 characters in length. While the most popular use is to send photographs from camera-equipped handsets, it is also used as a method of delivering news and entertainment content including videos, pictures, text pages and ringtones. MMS can be used within the context of the present disclosure for UICC activation message delivery. Of note is that MMS messages are delivered in a completely different way from SMS. The first step is for the sending device to encode the multimedia content in a fashion similar to sending a MIME e-mail (MIME content formats are defined in the MMS Message Encapsulation specification). The message is then forwarded to the carrier's MMS store and forward server, known as the MMSC (Multimedia Messaging Service Centre). If the receiver is on another carrier, the relay forwards the message to the recipient's carrier using the Internet.

While the disclosure has been described in terms of exemplary aspects, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure can be practiced with modifications in the spirit and scope of the appended claims. These examples given above are merely illustrative and are not meant to be an exhaustive list of all possible designs, aspects, applications, or modifications of the disclosure. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A communicator for autonomous monitoring, detecting, and tracking of movement and orientation of a portion of a body of a wearer, comprising: a sensor configured to detect a translational and/or rotational movement of the portion of the body of the wearer; an altimeter including at least one high sensitivity sensor having a sensing port configured to measure changes in altitude of the portion of the body of the wearer; a processor configured to determine an orientation and/or position of the portion of the body of the wearer based on the translational and/or rotational movement of the portion of the body of the wearer detected by the sensor; the processor further configured to compensate for the measured changes in altitude of the portion of the body of the wearer based on the orientation and/or the position of the portion of the body of the wearer detected by the sensor; and the processor further configured to determine an alert condition based on the changes in altitude of the portion of the body of the wearer compensated by the orientation and/or the position of the portion of the body of the wearer detected by the sensor, wherein the sensor comprises at least one of the following: one or more inertial sensor(s) and/or a magnetometer that is configured to detect orientation relative to north, east, and down.
 2. The communicator for autonomous monitoring, detecting, and tracking of movement and orientation of a portion of a body of a wearer of claim 1 wherein the portion of the body comprises an arm of the wearer and the processor is configured to determine an orientation and/or position of the arm of the wearer based on the translational and/or rotational movement of the arm of the wearer detected by the sensor.
 3. The communicator for autonomous monitoring, detecting, and tracking of movement and orientation of a portion of a body of a wearer of claim 1 wherein the portion of the body comprises an arm of the wearer and the processor is configured to determine an angle between a longitudinal axis extending from a wrist of a wearer's hand to an elbow of the wearer's arm and a longitudinal axis extending from the elbow of the wearer's arm to a shoulder of the wearer based on the translational and/or rotational movement of the arm of the wearer detected by the sensor; and wherein the processor is configured to compensate for the measured changes in altitude based on the angle.
 4. The communicator for autonomous monitoring, detecting, and tracking of movement and orientation of a portion of a body of a wearer of claim 1 wherein the portion of the body comprises an arm of the wearer and the processor is configured to determine an angle between a vertical axis and an axis extending from a wearer's shoulder to a wearer's wrist based on the translational and/or rotational movement of the arm of the wearer detected by the sensor; and wherein the processor is configured to ignore the measured changes in altitude when the angle is less than a predetermined value.
 5. The communicator for autonomous monitoring, detecting, and tracking of movement and orientation of a portion of a body of a wearer of claim 1 wherein the altimeter is further configured to measure changes in altitude of the portion of the body of the wearer compensated by remote ambient pressure sensor readings.
 6. The communicator for autonomous monitoring, detecting, and tracking of movement and orientation of a portion of a body of a wearer of claim 1 wherein the sensor is configured to detect movement with up to six or more degrees of freedom.
 7. The communicator for autonomous monitoring, detecting, and tracking of movement and orientation of a portion of a body of a wearer of claim 1 wherein the altimeter includes at least one pair of high sensitivity sensors having opposed sensing ports configured to measure changes in elevation of the portion of the body of the wearer, the altimeter is further configured with the opposed sensing ports to cancel inertial forces sensed by the opposed sensing ports to reduce an effect of sensor noise.
 8. The communicator for autonomous monitoring, detecting, and tracking of movement and orientation of a portion of a body of a wearer of claim 1 further comprising a storage configured to collect and store data for synchronous communication to a transceiver, the data comprising at least one of: data associated with the alert condition, data associated with the translational and/or rotational movement of the portion of the body of the wearer, data associated with the changes in altitude of the portion of the body of the wearer, and data associated with the changes in altitude of the portion of the body of the wearer compensated by the orientation and/or the position of the portion of the body of the wearer detected by the sensor.
 9. The communicator for autonomous monitoring, detecting, and tracking of movement and orientation of a portion of a body of a wearer of claim 8 further comprising a transceiver configured to convey the data stored in the storage to a transceiver unit.
 10. The communicator for autonomous monitoring, detecting, and tracking of movement and orientation of a portion of a body of a wearer of claim 9 wherein the transceiver unit is configured to notify one or more recipients in response to the alert condition determined by the processor.
 11. A method for autonomously monitoring, detecting, and tracking movements of a body, comprising: detecting with a sensor a translational and/or rotational movement of a portion of the body of a wearer; measuring with an altimeter that includes at least one high sensitivity sensor having a sensing port changes in altitude of the portion of the body of the wearer; determining with a processor an orientation and/or position of the portion of the body of the wearer based on the translational and/or rotational movement of the portion of the body of the wearer detected by the sensor; compensating with the processor measured changes in altitude of the portion of the body of the wearer based on the orientation and/or the position of the portion of the body of the wearer detected by the sensor; and determining with the processor an alert condition based on the changes in altitude of the portion of the body of the wearer compensated by the orientation and/or the position of the portion of the body of the wearer detected by the sensor, wherein the sensor comprises at least one of the following: one or more inertial sensor(s) and/or a magnetometer configured to detect orientation relative to north, east, and down.
 12. The method for autonomously monitoring, detecting, and tracking movements of a body of claim 11 wherein the portion of the body comprises an arm of the wearer and the processor is configured to determine an orientation and/or position of the arm of the wearer based on the translational and/or rotational movement of the arm of the wearer detected by the sensor.
 13. The method for autonomously monitoring, detecting, and tracking movements of a body of claim 11 wherein the portion of the body comprises an arm of the wearer and the processor is configured to determine an angle between a longitudinal axis extending from a wrist of a wearer's hand to an elbow of the wearer's arm and a longitudinal axis extending from the elbow of the wearer's arm to a shoulder of the wearer based on the translational and/or rotational movement of the arm of the wearer detected by the sensor; and wherein the processor is configured to compensate for the measured changes in altitude based on the angle.
 14. The method for autonomously monitoring, detecting, and tracking movements of a body of claim 11 wherein the portion of the body comprises an arm of the wearer and the processor is configured to determine an angle between a vertical axis and an axis extending from a wearer's shoulder to a wearer's wrist based on the translational and/or rotational movement of the arm of the wearer detected by the sensor; and wherein the processor is configured to ignore the measured changes in altitude when the angle is less than a predetermined value.
 15. The method for autonomously monitoring, detecting, and tracking movements of a body of claim 11 wherein the altimeter is further configured to measure changes in altitude of the portion of the body of the wearer compensated by remote ambient pressure sensor readings.
 16. The method for autonomously monitoring, detecting, and tracking movements of a body of claim 11 wherein the sensor is configured to detect movement with up to six or more degrees of freedom.
 17. The method for autonomously monitoring, detecting, and tracking movements of a body of claim 11 wherein the altimeter includes at least one pair of high sensitivity sensors having opposed sensing ports configured to measure changes in elevation of the portion of the body of the wearer, the altimeter is further configured with the opposed sensing ports to cancel inertial forces sensed by the opposed sensing ports to reduce an effect of sensor noise.
 18. The method for autonomously monitoring, detecting, and tracking movements of a body of claim 11 further comprising a storage configured to collect and store data for synchronous communication to a transceiver, the data comprising at least one of: data associated with the alert condition, data associated with the translational and/or rotational movement of the portion of the body of the wearer, data associated with the changes in altitude of the portion of the body of the wearer, and data associated with the changes in altitude of the portion of the body of the wearer compensated by the orientation and/or the position of the portion of the body of the wearer detected by the sensor.
 19. The method for autonomously monitoring, detecting, and tracking movements of a body of claim 18 further comprising a transceiver configured to convey the data stored in the storage to a transceiver unit.
 20. The method for autonomously monitoring, detecting, and tracking movements of a body of claim 19 wherein the transceiver unit is configured to notify one or more recipients in response to the alert condition determined by the processor. 